Nūhou - He loiloi o nā antennas laina hoʻoili e pili ana i nā metamaterials (Māhele 2)

2. Ka hoʻohana ʻana o MTM-TL i nā ʻōnaehana Antenna
E kālele ana kēia ʻāpana i nā TL metamaterial artificial a me kekahi o kā lākou mau noi maʻamau a pili loa no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻano antenna like ʻole me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka hana maʻalahi, ka miniaturization, ka bandwidth ākea, ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka pono, ka hiki ke nānā ākea a me ka profile haʻahaʻa. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia lākou ma lalo nei.

1. Nā antennas broadband a me nā alapine he nui
I loko o kahi TL maʻamau me ka lōʻihi o l, i ka wā i hāʻawi ʻia ai ke alapine angular ω0, hiki ke helu ʻia ka lōʻihi uila (a i ʻole ka pae) o ka laina hoʻoili penei:

Ma kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo vp i ka wikiwiki o ka laina hoʻoili. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai luna, pili pono ka bandwidth i ka lohi o ka hui, ʻo ia ka derivative o φ e pili ana i ka alapine (frequency). No laila, i ka pōkole ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka laina hoʻoili, lilo pū ka bandwidth i ākea. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, aia kahi pilina inverse ma waena o ka bandwidth a me ke kahua kumu o ka laina hoʻoili, kahi i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia. Hōʻike kēia i nā kaapuni hoʻolaha kuʻuna, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka bandwidth hana. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia i nā palena o nā laina hoʻoili kuʻuna ma ke ʻano o nā kekelē o ke kūʻokoʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻae nā mea hoʻouka i nā palena hou e hoʻohana ʻia i nā metamaterial TL, a hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ka pane pae i kekahi ʻano. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka bandwidth, pono e loaʻa kahi pali like kokoke i ka alapine hana o nā ʻano hoʻolaha. Hiki i ka metamaterial TL hana ke hoʻokō i kēia pahuhopu. Ma muli o kēia ʻano hana, ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻano he nui no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka bandwidth o nā antennas i loko o ka pepa. Ua hoʻolālā a hana nā kānaka akamai i ʻelua mau antennas broadband i hoʻouka ʻia me nā resonators apo māhele (e nānā i ke Kiʻi 7). Hōʻike nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7 ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka resonator apo māhele me ka antenna monopole maʻamau, hoʻonāukiuki ʻia kahi ʻano alapine resonant haʻahaʻa. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka nui o ka resonator apo māhele e hoʻokō i kahi resonance kokoke i ka antenna monopole. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka wā e kūlike ai nā resonances ʻelua, hoʻonui ʻia ka bandwidth a me nā ʻano radiation o ka antenna. ʻO ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā o ka antenna monopole he 0.25λ0 × 0.11λ0 a me 0.25λ0 × 0.21λ0 (4GHz), kēlā me kēia, a ʻo ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā o ka antenna monopole i hoʻouka ʻia me kahi resonator apo māhele he 0.29λ0 × 0.21λ0 (2.9GHz), kēlā me kēia. No ka antenna F-ʻano maʻamau a me ka antenna T-ʻano me ka ʻole o ka resonator apo māhele, ʻo ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka pono radiation i ana ʻia ma ka hui 5GHz he 3.6dBi - 78.5% a me 3.9dBi - 80.2%, kēlā me kēia. No ka antenna i hoʻouka ʻia me kahi resonator apo māhele, ʻo kēia mau palena he 4dBi - 81.2% a me 4.4dBi - 83%, kēlā me kēia, ma ka band 6GHz. Ma ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi resonator apo māhele ma ke ʻano he ukana kūlike ma ka antenna monopole, hiki ke kākoʻo ʻia nā band 2.9GHz ~ 6.41GHz a me 2.6GHz ~ 6.6GHz, e kūlike ana i nā bandwidths hapa o 75.4% a me ~87%, kēlā me kēia. Hōʻike kēia mau hopena ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka bandwidth ana ma kahi o 2.4 mau manawa a me 2.11 mau manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā antenna monopole kuʻuna o ka nui paʻa.

Kiʻi 7. ʻElua mau antenna broadband i hoʻouka ʻia me nā resonators apo māhele.

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻokolohua o ka antenna monopole i paʻi ʻia. Ke S11≤- 10 dB, ʻo ka bandwidth hana he 185% (0.115-2.90 GHz), a ma 1.45 GHz, ʻo ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka pono o ka radiation he 2.35 dBi a me 78.8%, kēlā me kēia. Ua like ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka antenna me kahi ʻano pepa triangular hope-a-hope, kahi i hānai ʻia e kahi mea hoʻokaʻawale mana curvilinear. Loaʻa i ka GND truncated kahi stub waena i waiho ʻia ma lalo o ka mea hānai, a ua hoʻolaha ʻia nā apo resonant hāmama ʻehā a puni, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka bandwidth o ka antenna. Hoʻolaha ka antenna ma kahi omnidirectionally, e uhi ana i ka hapa nui o nā hui VHF a me S, a me nā hui UHF a me L āpau. ʻO ka nui kino o ka antenna he 48.32 × 43.72 × 0.8 mm3, a ʻo ka nui uila he 0.235λ0 × 0.211λ0 × 0.003λ0. Loaʻa iā ia nā pono o ka liʻiliʻi a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a he mau manaʻolana kūpono hoʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole broadband.

Kiʻi 8: Antenna monopole i hoʻouka ʻia me ka resonator apo māhele.

Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 9 i kahi ʻano antenna planar i haku ʻia me ʻelua mau pālua o nā loop uea meander i hoʻopili ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi mokulele honua ʻano T i hoʻopau ʻia ma o ʻelua vias. ʻO ka nui o ka antenna he 38.5 × 36.6 mm2 (0.070λ0 × 0.067λ0), kahi ʻo λ0 ka nalu ākea manuahi o 0.55 GHz. Hoʻolaha ka antenna i nā ʻano āpau ma ka mokulele E ma ke alapine hana o 0.55 ~ 3.85 GHz, me ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 5.5dBi ma 2.35GHz a me ka pono o 90.1%. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona e kūpono ai ka antenna i manaʻo ʻia no nā noi like ʻole, me UHF RFID, GSM 900, GPS, KPCS, DCS, IMT-2000, WiMAX, WiFi a me Bluetooth.

Kiʻi 9 ʻAno antenna planar i manaʻo ʻia.

2. Antenna Nalu Leaky (LWA)
ʻO ka antenna nalu leaky hou kekahi o nā noi nui no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka metamaterial artificial TL. No nā antenna nalu leaky, ʻo ka hopena o ka pae mau β ma ke kihi radiation (θm) a me ka laulā kukuna kiʻekiʻe loa (Δθ) penei:

ʻO L ka lōʻihi o ka antenna, ʻo k0 ka helu nalu ma kahi ākea, a ʻo λ0 ka nalu ma kahi ākea. E hoʻomaopopo he hiki wale mai ka radiation i ka wā |β|

3. Antenna resonator kauoha ʻole
ʻO kahi waiwai kū hoʻokahi o ka CRLH metamaterial hiki iā β ke lilo i 0 ke like ʻole ke alapine (frequency) me ka ʻole. Ma muli o kēia waiwai, hiki ke hana ʻia kahi resonator zero-order hou (ZOR). Ke ʻole ʻo β, ʻaʻohe neʻe ʻana o ka pae i loko o ka resonator holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ke kūpaʻa neʻe ʻana o ka pae φ = - βd = 0. Eia kekahi, pili wale ka resonance i ka ukana reactive a kūʻokoʻa ia i ka lōʻihi o ke ʻano. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 10 ua hana ʻia ka antenna i manaʻo ʻia ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ʻelua a me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana me ke ʻano E, a ʻo ka nui holoʻokoʻa he 0.017λ0 × 0.006λ0 × 0.001λ0 a me 0.028λ0 × 0.008λ0 × 0.001λ0, kēlā me kēia, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo λ0 i ka nalu o ka hakahaka manuahi ma nā alapine hana o 500 MHz a me 650 MHz, kēlā me kēia. Hana ka antenna ma nā alapine (frequencies) o 0.5-1.35 GHz (0.85 GHz) a me 0.65-1.85 GHz (1.2 GHz), me nā bandwidth pili o 91.9% a me 96.0%. Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻano o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka bandwidth ākea, ʻo ka loaʻa a me ka pono o nā antenna mua a me ka lua he 5.3dBi a me 85% (1GHz) a me 5.7dBi a me 90% (1.4GHz), kēlā me kēia.

Kiʻi 10 Nā ʻano antenna pālua-E a me ʻekolu-E i manaʻo ʻia.

4. Antenna Slot
Ua hāpai ʻia kekahi ʻano hana maʻalahi e hoʻonui i ka puka o ka antenna CRLH-MTM, akā ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole i loli ka nui o kona antenna. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 11, aia i loko o ka antenna nā ʻāpana CRLH i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna o kekahi, nona nā ʻāpana a me nā laina meander, a aia kahi ʻāpana S-ʻano ma ka ʻāpana. Hoʻolako ʻia ka antenna e kahi stub kūlike CPW, a ʻo kona nui he 17.5 mm × 32.15 mm × 1.6 mm, e like me 0.204λ0 × 0.375λ0 × 0.018λ0, kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo λ0 (3.5GHz) i ka nalu o ka hakahaka manuahi. Hōʻike nā hopena e hana ana ka antenna ma ke alapine o 0.85-7.90GHz, a ʻo kona bandwidth hana he 161.14%. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka radiation kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka pono o ka antenna e ʻike ʻia ma 3.5GHz, ʻo ia hoʻi he 5.12dBi a me ~80%, kēlā me kēia.