Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kaulana o nā polokalamu kelepona ʻole, ua komo nā lawelawe ʻikepili i kahi wā hou o ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka ulu nui ʻana o nā lawelawe ʻikepili. I kēia manawa, nui nā noi e neʻe mālie nei mai nā kamepiula i nā polokalamu kelepona ʻole e like me nā kelepona paʻalima i maʻalahi ke lawe a hoʻohana i ka manawa maoli, akā ua alakaʻi pū kēia kūlana i ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana o ka hele ʻana o ka ʻikepili a me ka nele o nā kumuwaiwai bandwidth. Wahi a nā helu helu, hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka ʻikepili ma ka mākeke ke hiki i Gbps a i ʻole Tbps i nā makahiki 10 a 15 e hiki mai ana. I kēia manawa, ua hiki i ka kamaʻilio ʻana o THz i kahi wikiwiki o ka ʻikepili Gbps, ʻoiai ke kau nei ka wikiwiki o ka ʻikepili Tbps i nā pae mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Hōʻike kahi pepa pili i ka holomua hou loa i nā wikiwiki o ka ʻikepili Gbps e pili ana i ka hui THz a wānana e hiki ke loaʻa nā Tbps ma o ka polarization multiplexing. No laila, no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouna ʻikepili, ʻo kahi hopena hiki ke hoʻomohala i kahi hui alapine hou, ʻo ia ka hui terahertz, aia ma ka "wahi hakahaka" ma waena o nā microwaves a me ka mālamalama infrared. Ma ka ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-19) i ka makahiki 2019, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka laulā alapine (frequency) o 275-450GHz no nā lawelawe kelepona paʻa a me nā lawelawe kelepona ʻāina. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua huki nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole terahertz i ka manaʻo o nā mea noiʻi he nui.
ʻO ka laulā, ua wehewehe ʻia nā nalu electromagnetic Terahertz ʻo ia ke alapine (frequency band) o 0.1-10THz (1THz=1012Hz) me ka nalu o 0.03-3 mm. Wahi a ke kūlana IEEE, ua wehewehe ʻia nā nalu terahertz ʻo 0.3-10THz. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 aia ke alapine (frequency band) terahertz ma waena o nā microwaves a me ke kukui infrared.
Kiʻi 1 Kiʻikuhi kiʻikuhi o ke kāʻei alapine THz.
Ka Hoʻomohala ʻana o nā Antenna Terahertz
ʻOiai ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi terahertz i ke kenekulia 19, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano he kahua kūʻokoʻa i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i ka radiation terahertz ua kālele nui ʻia ma ka band infrared mamao. ʻAʻole a hiki i ka waena a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20 i hoʻomaka ai nā mea noiʻi e hoʻolaha i ka noiʻi nalu millimeter i ka band terahertz a hana i ka noiʻi ʻenehana terahertz kūikawā.
I nā makahiki 1980, ʻo ka puka ʻana mai o nā kumu radiation terahertz i hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu terahertz i nā ʻōnaehana hana. Mai ke kenekulia 21, ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻenehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole, a ʻo ke koi a ka poʻe no ka ʻike a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā lako kamaʻilio ua kau i nā koi koʻikoʻi ma ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka ʻikepili kamaʻilio. No laila, ʻo kekahi o nā pilikia o ka ʻenehana kamaʻilio e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana ma kahi wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe o nā gigabits i kekona ma kahi hoʻokahi. Ma lalo o ka hoʻomohala waiwai o kēia manawa, ua lilo nā kumuwaiwai spectrum i mea kakaikahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe palena o nā koi kanaka no ka hiki ke kamaʻilio a me ka wikiwiki. No ka pilikia o ka paʻa ʻana o ka spectrum, hoʻohana nā hui he nui i ka ʻenehana multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka spectrum a me ka hiki o ka ʻōnaehana ma o ka spatial multiplexing. Me ka holomua o nā pūnaewele 5G, e ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka pilina ʻikepili o kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohana ma mua o Gbps, a e piʻi nui hoʻi ka hele ʻana o ka ʻikepili o nā kikowaena kumu. No nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio nalu millimeter kuʻuna, ʻaʻole hiki i nā loulou microwave ke lawelawe i kēia mau kahawai ʻikepili nui. Eia kekahi, ma muli o ka mana o ka laina o ka ʻike, he pōkole ka mamao o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ke kamaʻilio infrared a ua paʻa ka wahi o kāna lako kamaʻilio. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu THz, aia ma waena o nā microwaves a me ka infrared, e kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio wikiwiki a hoʻonui i nā helu hoʻoili ʻikepili ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā loulou THz.
Hiki i nā nalu Terahertz ke hāʻawi i kahi bandwidth kamaʻilio ākea, a ʻo kona laulā alapine (frequency) ma kahi o 1000 mau manawa o ke kamaʻilio kelepona. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana iā THz e kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole wikiwiki loa he hopena hoʻohiki ia no ka pilikia o nā wikiwiki ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe, kahi i huki ai i ka hoihoi o nā hui noiʻi a me nā ʻoihana he nui. I Kepakemapa 2017, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kūlana kamaʻilio uea ʻole THz mua ʻo IEEE 802.15.3d-2017, ka mea e wehewehe ana i ka hoʻololi ʻikepili kiko-i-kiko ma ka laulā alapine THz haʻahaʻa o 252-325 GHz. Hiki i ka papa kino ʻē aʻe (PHY) o ka loulou ke hoʻokō i nā wikiwiki ʻikepili a hiki i 100 Gbps ma nā bandwidth like ʻole.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio THz mua loa o 0.12 THz i ka makahiki 2004, a ua hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio THz o 0.3 THz i ka makahiki 2013. Hōʻike ka Papa 1 i ka holomua o ka noiʻi o nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio terahertz ma Iapana mai 2004 a i 2013.
Papa 1 Ka holomua o ka noiʻi ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio terahertz ma Iapana mai 2004 a 2013
Ua wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia ke ʻano antenna o kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka makahiki 2004 e Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) i ka makahiki 2005. Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ke ʻano antenna ma ʻelua mau hihia, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2.
Kiʻi 2 Kiʻikuhi kiʻikuhi o ka ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole NTT 120 GHz o Iapana
Hoʻohui ka ʻōnaehana i ka hoʻololi photoelectric a me ka antenna a hoʻohana i ʻelua mau ʻano hana:
1. I loko o kahi wahi kokoke i loko, ʻo ka mea hoʻoili antenna planar i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hale he chip photodiode lawe laina hoʻokahi (UTC-PD), kahi antenna slot planar a me kahi lens silicon, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 2(a).
2. I loko o kahi ʻano waho lōʻihi, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena o ka pohō hoʻoili nui a me ka ʻike haʻahaʻa o ka mea ʻike, pono ka antenna transmitter e loaʻa ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ka antenna terahertz i kēia manawa i kahi lens optical Gaussian me ka loaʻa ʻana ma mua o 50 dBi. Hōʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o ka pepeiaohao hānai a me ka lens dielectric ma ke Kiʻi 2(b).
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio 0.12 THz, ua hoʻomohala pū ʻo NTT i kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio 0.3THz i ka makahiki 2012. Ma o ka hoʻonui mau ʻana, hiki i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻoili ʻana ke piʻi a hiki i ka 100Gbps. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 1, ua hāʻawi nui ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kamaʻilio terahertz. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hana noiʻi o kēia manawa he mau hemahema o ka alapine hana haʻahaʻa, ka nui nui a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā antenna terahertz i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa ua hoʻololi ʻia mai nā antenna nalu millimeter, a he liʻiliʻi ka hana hou i nā antenna terahertz. No laila, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio terahertz, he hana nui ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā antenna terahertz. Hōʻike ka Papa 2 i ka holomua o ka noiʻi o ke kamaʻilio THz Kelemania. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3 (a) i kahi ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole THz e hoʻohui ana i nā photonics a me nā mea uila. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3 (b) i ke kahua hoʻāʻo tunnel makani. Ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana mai ke kūlana noiʻi o kēia manawa ma Kelemania, he mau hemahema nō hoʻi kāna noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana e like me ka alapine hana haʻahaʻa, ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe a me ka pono haʻahaʻa.
Papa 2 Ka holomua o ka noiʻi o ka kamaʻilio THz ma Kelemania
Kiʻi 3 Hiʻohiʻona hoʻāʻo o ka tunnel makani
Ua hoʻomaka pū ke Kikowaena ICT CSIRO i ka noiʻi ʻana ma nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio uea ʻole THz i loko. Ua aʻo ke kikowaena i ka pilina ma waena o ka makahiki a me ke alapine kamaʻilio, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 4. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke Kiʻi 4, ma ka makahiki 2020, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana ma nā kamaʻilio uea ʻole e pili ana i ka hui THz. ʻO ka alapine kamaʻilio kiʻekiʻe loa e hoʻohana ana i ka spectrum lekiō e piʻi aʻe ma kahi o ʻumi manawa i kēlā me kēia iwakālua makahiki. Ua hana ke kikowaena i nā ʻōlelo paipai no nā koi no nā antenna THz a ua hāpai i nā antenna kuʻuna e like me nā pepeiaohao a me nā aniani no nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio THz. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5, ʻelua mau antenna pepeiaohao e hana ana ma 0.84THz a me 1.7THz, me kahi ʻano maʻalahi a me ka hana kukuna Gaussian maikaʻi.
Kiʻi 4 Pilina ma waena o ka makahiki a me ke alapine (pinepine)
RM-BDHA818-20A
RM-DCPHA105145-20
Kiʻi 5 ʻElua ʻano o nā antenna pepeiaohao
Ua hana ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kahi noiʻi nui e pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā nalu terahertz. ʻO nā keʻena noiʻi terahertz kaulana e komo pū ana me ka Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), ka Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), ka US National Laboratory (LLNL), ka National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), ka National Science Foundation (NSF), a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā antenna terahertz hou no nā noi terahertz, e like me nā antenna bowtie a me nā antenna hoʻokele beam alapine. Wahi a ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā antenna terahertz, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa i ʻekolu mau manaʻo hoʻolālā kumu no nā antenna terahertz i kēia manawa, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6.
Kiʻi 6 ʻEkolu mau manaʻo hoʻolālā kumu no nā antenna terahertz
Hōʻike ka loiloi ma luna nei ʻoiai ua nānā nui nā ʻāina he nui i nā antenna terahertz, aia nō ia i ke kahua ʻimi mua a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana. Ma muli o ka pohō hoʻolaha kiʻekiʻe a me ka omo molekala, ua kaupalena pinepine ʻia nā antenna THz e ka mamao hoʻoili a me ka uhi ʻana. Ke nānā nei kekahi mau haʻawina i nā alapine hana haʻahaʻa ma ka hui THz. ʻO ka noiʻi antenna terahertz e kū nei e kālele nui ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antenna lens dielectric, a pēlā aku, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā algorithms kūpono. Eia kekahi, pehea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pono o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka antenna terahertz he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia.
Nā antenna THz laulā
Nui nā ʻano antenna THz i loaʻa: nā antenna dipole me nā lua conical, nā ʻāpana reflector kihi, nā dipoles bowtie, nā antenna planar lens dielectric, nā antenna photoconductive no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kumu radiation kumu THz, nā antenna pepeiaohao, nā antenna THz e pili ana i nā mea graphene, a pēlā aku. Wahi a nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā antenna THz, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā antenna metala (ʻo ia hoʻi nā antenna pepeiaohao), nā antenna dielectric (nā antenna lens), a me nā antenna mea hou. Hāʻawi mua kēia ʻāpana i kahi loiloi mua o kēia mau antenna, a laila ma ka ʻāpana aʻe, ua hoʻolauna ʻia nā antenna THz maʻamau ʻelima maʻamau i nā kikoʻī a kālailai hohonu.
1. Nā antenna hao
ʻO ka antenna pepeiaohao he antenna metala maʻamau i hoʻolālā ʻia e hana ma ka hui THz. ʻO ka antenna o kahi mea hoʻokipa nalu millimeter maʻamau he pepeiaohao conical. He nui nā pono o nā antenna corrugated a me dual-mode, me nā ʻano radiation rotationally symmetric, ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 20 a 30 dBi a me ka pae cross-polarization haʻahaʻa o -30 dB, a me ka pono coupling o 97% a 98%. ʻO nā bandwidths i loaʻa o nā antenna pepeiaohao ʻelua he 30%-40% a me 6%-8%, kēlā me kēia.
Ma muli o ke alapine (frequency) o nā nalu terahertz he kiʻekiʻe loa, he liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o ka antenna pepeiaohao, ka mea e paʻakikī ai ka hana ʻana o ka pepeiaohao, ʻoiai hoʻi i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ʻāpana antenna, a ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka ʻenehana hana e alakaʻi ai i ke kumukūʻai nui a me ka hana palena. Ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana i ka lalo o ka hoʻolālā pepeiaohao paʻakikī, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kahi antenna pepeiaohao maʻalahi ma ke ʻano o ka pepeiaohao conical a conical paha, hiki ke hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai a me ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana, a hiki ke mālama maikaʻi ʻia ka hana radiation o ka antenna.
ʻO kekahi antenna metala he antenna pyramid nalu huakaʻi, nona kahi antenna nalu huakaʻi i hoʻohui ʻia ma kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni dielectric 1.2 micron a kau ʻia i loko o kahi lua longitudinal i kālai ʻia ma kahi wafer silicon, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 7. He ʻano hāmama kēia antenna e kūlike me nā diode Schottky. Ma muli o kona ʻano maʻalahi a me nā koi hana haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma nā alapine ma luna o 0.6 THz. Eia nō naʻe, kiʻekiʻe ka pae sidelobe a me ka pae cross-polarization o ka antenna, ma muli paha o kona ʻano hāmama. No laila, haʻahaʻa kona pono hoʻopili (ma kahi o 50%).
Kiʻi 7 Antenna pyramidal nalu huakaʻi
2. Antenna dielectric
ʻO ka antenna dielectric ka hui pū ʻana o kahi substrate dielectric a me kahi radiator antenna. Ma o ka hoʻolālā kūpono, hiki i ka antenna dielectric ke hoʻokō i ka impedance matching me ka mea ʻike, a loaʻa iā ia nā pono o ke kaʻina hana maʻalahi, ka hoʻohui maʻalahi, a me ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻolālā nā mea noiʻi i kekahi mau antenna ahi ʻaoʻao narrowband a me broadband e hiki ke hoʻokūkū i nā mea ʻike haʻahaʻa-impedance o nā antenna dielectric terahertz: antenna butterfly, antenna U-ʻano pālua, antenna log-periodic, a me ka antenna sinusoidal log-periodic, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia nā geometries antenna paʻakikī ma o nā algorithms genetic.
Kiʻi 8 ʻEhā ʻano o nā antenna planar
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua hui pū ʻia ka antenna dielectric me kahi substrate dielectric, e loaʻa kahi hopena nalu ʻili ke hele ka alapine (frequency) i ka hui THz. ʻO kēia hemahema make e lilo ai ka nui o ka ikehu i ka wā o ka hana a alakaʻi i ka emi nui ʻana o ka pono o ka radiation antenna. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 9, i ka wā e ʻoi aku ai ke kihi radiation antenna ma mua o ke kihi cutoff, ua kaupalena ʻia kona ikehu i loko o ka substrate dielectric a ua hui pū ʻia me ke ʻano substrate.
Kiʻi 9 Ka hopena nalu ʻili antenna
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka substrate, piʻi ka helu o nā ʻano kauoha kiʻekiʻe, a piʻi ka pilina ma waena o ka antenna a me ka substrate, e hopena ana i ka nalowale o ka ikehu. I mea e hoʻonāwaliwali ai i ka hopena nalu o ka ʻili, aia ʻekolu mau papahana hoʻonui:
1) E hoʻouka i kahi aniani ma ka antenna e hoʻonui i ka loaʻa ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻokumu beam o nā nalu electromagnetic.
2) E hoʻēmi i ka mānoanoa o ke substrate e kāohi i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o nā nalu electromagnetic.
3) E hoʻololi i ka mea dielectric substrate me kahi electromagnetic band gap (EBG). Hiki i nā ʻano kānana spatial o EBG ke kāohi i nā ʻano kauoha kiʻekiʻe.
3. Nā antenna mea hou
Ma waho aʻe o nā antenna ʻelua i luna, aia kekahi antenna terahertz i hana ʻia me nā mea hou. No ka laʻana, i ka makahiki 2006, ua hāpai ʻo Jin Hao et al. i kahi antenna dipole nanotube kalapona. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10 (a), ua hana ʻia ka dipole me nā nanotubes kalapona ma kahi o nā mea metala. Ua aʻo pono ʻo ia i nā waiwai infrared a me nā optical o ka antenna dipole nanotube kalapona a ua kūkākūkā i nā ʻano maʻamau o ka antenna dipole nanotube kalapona lōʻihi, e like me ka impedance input, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia manawa, ka loaʻa, ka pono a me ke ʻano radiation. Hōʻike ke Kiʻi 10 (b) i ka pilina ma waena o ka impedance input a me ke alapine o ka antenna dipole nanotube kalapona. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 10 (b), ʻo ka ʻāpana hoʻokalakupua o ka impedance input he mau zeros ma nā alapine kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike kēia e hiki i ka antenna ke hoʻokō i nā resonances he nui ma nā alapine like ʻole. ʻIke loa, hōʻike ka antenna nanotube kalapona i ka resonance i loko o kahi laulā alapine (nā alapine THz haʻahaʻa), akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻonā ma waho o kēia laulā.
Kiʻi 10 (a) Antenna dipole nanotube kalapona. (b) Piʻo alapine-impedance hoʻokomo
I ka makahiki 2012, ua hāpai ʻo Samir F. Mahmoud lāua ʻo Ayed R. AlAjmi i kahi ʻano antenna terahertz hou e pili ana i nā nanotubes kalapona, nona kahi pūʻulu o nā nanotubes kalapona i kāʻei ʻia i ʻelua mau papa dielectric. ʻO ka papa dielectric o loko he papa huʻa dielectric, a ʻo ka papa dielectric o waho he papa metamaterial. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano kikoʻī ma ke Kiʻi 11. Ma o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana radiation o ka antenna i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā nanotubes kalapona hoʻokahi paia.
Kiʻi 11 ʻAntenna terahertz hou i hoʻokumu ʻia ma nā nanotubes kalapona
ʻO nā antenna terahertz mea hou i hāpai ʻia ma luna nei he ʻekolu-dimensional nui. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka bandwidth o ka antenna a hana i nā antenna conformal, ua loaʻa i nā antenna graphene planar ka nānā nui ʻia. Loaʻa iā Graphene nā ʻano hoʻomalu hoʻomau dynamic maikaʻi loa a hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka plasma ʻili ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka bias voltage. Aia ka plasma ʻili ma ka interface ma waena o nā substrates dielectric constant maikaʻi (e like me Si, SiO2, etc.) a me nā substrates dielectric constant maikaʻi ʻole (e like me nā metala makamae, graphene, etc.). Nui ka nui o nā "electrons manuahi" i nā alakaʻi e like me nā metala makamae a me graphene. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau electrons manuahi he plasmas. Ma muli o ke kahua hiki ke kūlohelohe i loko o ke alakaʻi, aia kēia mau plasmas i kahi kūlana paʻa a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka honua waho. Ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ikehu nalu electromagnetic incident i kēia mau plasmas, e haʻalele nā plasms mai ke kūlana paʻa a haʻalulu. Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana, hana ke ʻano electromagnetic i kahi nalu magnetic transverse ma ka interface. Wahi a ka wehewehe ʻana o ka pilina dispersion o ka plasma ʻili metala e ke kumu hoʻohālike Drude, ʻaʻole hiki i nā metala ke hoʻopili maoli me nā nalu electromagnetic ma kahi ākea a hoʻololi i ka ikehu. Pono e hoʻohana i nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻonāukiuki i nā nalu plasma o luna. Hoʻopō koke nā nalu plasma o luna i ke kuhikuhi like o ka pilina metala-substrate. Ke alakaʻi ke alakaʻi metala i ke kuhikuhi kū pololei i ka ʻili, loaʻa kahi hopena ʻili. ʻIke loa, ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka antenna, aia kahi hopena ʻili i loko o ke kāʻei alapine kiʻekiʻe, kahi e hāʻule ai ka hana antenna a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā koi o nā antenna terahertz. ʻAʻole wale ka plasmon o luna o graphene i ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa kiʻekiʻe a me ka pohō haʻahaʻa, akā kākoʻo pū i ka hoʻonohonoho uila mau. Eia kekahi, he conductivity paʻakikī ko graphene i loko o ke kāʻei terahertz. No laila, pili ka laha lohi o ka nalu i ke ʻano plasma ma nā alapine terahertz. Hōʻike piha kēia mau ʻano i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea metala i loko o ke kāʻei terahertz.
Ma muli o ke ʻano polarization o nā plasmons ʻili graphene, hōʻike ʻo Figure 12 i kahi ʻano hou o ka antenna strip, a hāpai i ke ʻano o ke kāʻei o nā ʻano hoʻolaha o nā nalu plasma ma graphene. Hāʻawi ka hoʻolālā o ka kāʻei antenna tunable i kahi ala hou e aʻo ai i nā ʻano hoʻolaha o nā antenna terahertz mea hou.
Kiʻi 12 Antenna kaula hou
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hou o nā ʻāpana antenna terahertz, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia nā antennas graphene nanopatch terahertz ma ke ʻano he mau arrays e kūkulu i nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio antenna multi-output terahertz multi-input. Hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano antenna ma ke Kiʻi 13. Ma muli o nā waiwai kūikawā o nā antennas graphene nanopatch, loaʻa i nā ʻāpana antenna nā ana micron-scale. Hoʻopili pololei ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu kemika i nā kiʻi graphene like ʻole ma kahi papa nickel lahilahi a hoʻoili iā lākou i kekahi substrate. Ma ke koho ʻana i kahi helu kūpono o nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka voltage bias electrostatic, hiki ke hoʻololi pono ʻia ke kuhikuhi radiation, e hiki ai ke hoʻonohonoho hou i ka ʻōnaehana.
Kiʻi 13 Graphene nanopatch terahertz antenna array
He ala hou ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea hou. Manaʻo ʻia ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea e uhaʻi i nā palena o nā antennas kuʻuna a hoʻomohala i nā ʻano antennas hou, e like me nā metamaterials reconfigurable, nā mea ʻelua-dimensional (2D), a pēlā aku. Eia nō naʻe, hilinaʻi nui kēia ʻano antenna i ka hana hou ʻana o nā mea hou a me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana hana. I kēlā me kēia hihia, pono ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā antennas terahertz i nā mea hou, ka ʻenehana hana pololei a me nā ʻano hoʻolālā hou e hoʻokō ai i ka loaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ke kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a me nā koi bandwidth ākea o nā antennas terahertz.
Ke hoʻolauna nei kēia i nā loina kumu o ʻekolu ʻano antenna terahertz: nā antenna metala, nā antenna dielectric a me nā antenna mea hou, a ke kālailai nei i ko lākou ʻokoʻa a me nā pono a me nā hemahema.
1. Antenna metala: He maʻalahi ke ʻano, maʻalahi ke hana, haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai, a haʻahaʻa nā koi no nā mea substrate. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻohana nā antenna metala i kahi ʻano mechanical e hoʻoponopono i ke kūlana o ka antenna, kahi mea maʻalahi i nā hewa. Inā ʻaʻole pololei ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, e hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hana o ka antenna. ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi ka nui o ka antenna metala, he paʻakikī ke hōʻuluʻulu me kahi kaapuni planar.
2. Antenna Dielectric: He haʻahaʻa ka impedance hoʻokomo o ka antenna dielectric, maʻalahi ke hoʻohālikelike me kahi mea ʻike impedance haʻahaʻa, a maʻalahi hoʻi ke hoʻopili me kahi kaapuni planar. ʻO nā ʻano geometric o nā antenna dielectric e komo pū me ke ʻano pepeke, ke ʻano U pālua, ke ʻano logarithmic maʻamau a me ke ʻano sine periodic logarithmic. Eia nō naʻe, he kīnā make ko nā antenna dielectric, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena nalu ʻili i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka substrate mānoanoa. ʻO ka hopena, ʻo ia ke hoʻouka i kahi lens a hoʻololi i ka substrate dielectric me kahi ʻano EBG. Pono nā hopena ʻelua i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana i ka ʻenehana hana a me nā mea, akā ʻo kā lākou hana maikaʻi loa (e like me ka omnidirectionality a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka nalu ʻili) hiki ke hāʻawi i nā manaʻo hou no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā antenna terahertz.
3. Nā antenna mea hou: I kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā antenna dipole hou i hana ʻia me nā nanotubes kalapona a me nā ʻano antenna hou i hana ʻia me nā metamaterials. Hiki i nā mea hou ke lawe mai i nā holomua hana hou, akā ʻo ke kumu nui ka hana hou o ka ʻepekema mea. I kēia manawa, aia nō ka noiʻi ʻana i nā antenna mea hou i ke kahua ʻimi, a ʻaʻole i lawa ka nui o nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi.
I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hiki ke koho ʻia nā ʻano antenna terahertz like ʻole e like me nā koi hoʻolālā:
1) Inā koi ʻia ka hoʻolālā maʻalahi a me ke kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa, hiki ke koho ʻia nā antennas metala.
2) Inā koi ʻia ka hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe a me ka impedance hoʻokomo haʻahaʻa, hiki ke koho ʻia nā antenna dielectric.
3) Inā pono kahi holomua i ka hana, hiki ke koho ʻia nā antenna mea hou.
Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā hoʻolālā i luna e like me nā koi kikoʻī. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua ʻano antennas e loaʻa ai nā pono hou aʻe, akā pono e hoʻokō ke ʻano hōʻuluʻulu a me ka ʻenehana hoʻolālā i nā koi paʻa.
No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i nā antennas, e kipa i ka pūnaewele:
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Aug-02-2024
