Ua ʻike nā ʻenekinia uila e hoʻouna a loaʻa nā antennas i nā hōʻailona ma ke ʻano o nā nalu o ka ikehu electromagnetic (EM) i wehewehe ʻia e nā kaulike a Maxwell. E like me nā kumuhana he nui, hiki ke aʻo ʻia kēia mau kaulike, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, nā waiwai o ka electromagnetism, ma nā pae like ʻole, mai nā huaʻōlelo qualitative a hiki i nā kaulike paʻakikī.
Nui nā ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ikehu electromagnetic, ʻo kekahi o ia ka polarization, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hopena a i ʻole ka hopohopo i nā noi a me kā lākou hoʻolālā antenna. Pili nā kumumanaʻo kumu o ka polarization i nā radiation electromagnetic āpau, me RF/wireless, ikehu optical, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi optical.
He aha ka polarization antenna?
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka polarization, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo mua i nā loina kumu o nā nalu electromagnetic. Ua haku ʻia kēia mau nalu me nā kahua uila (nā kahua E) a me nā kahua magnetic (nā kahua H) a neʻe i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao. He kū pololei nā kahua E a me H kekahi i kekahi a i ke kuhikuhi o ka laha ʻana o ka nalu mokulele.
ʻO ka polarization e pili ana i ka mokulele E-field mai ka manaʻo o ka mea hoʻoili hōʻailona: no ka polarization horizontal, e neʻe ke kahua uila i ka ʻaoʻao ma ka mokulele horizontal, ʻoiai no ka polarization vertical, e oscillate ke kahua uila i luna a i lalo ma ka mokulele vertical. (kiʻi 1).
Kiʻi 1: Aia nā nalu ikehu electromagnetic i nā ʻāpana kahua E a me H e kū pololei ana kekahi i kekahi
ʻO ka polarization linear a me ka polarization poepoe
ʻO nā ʻano polarization e komo pū ana me kēia:
I loko o ka polarization linear kumu, ʻo nā polarizations ʻelua hiki ke orthogonal (perpendicular) kekahi i kekahi (Kiʻi 2). Ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻole e "ʻike" kahi antenna loaʻa polarized horizontally i kahi hōʻailona mai kahi antenna polarized vertically a me ka hope, ʻoiai inā hana nā mea ʻelua ma ka alapine like. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ko lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻailona i hopu ʻia, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻoili ikehu ke kūlike nā polarizations.
Kiʻi 2: Hāʻawi ka polarization linear i ʻelua mau koho polarization ma nā kihi ʻākau kekahi i kekahi
ʻO ka polarization oblique o ka antenna he ʻano polarization linear. E like me ka polarization horizontal a me vertical maʻamau, kūpono wale kēia polarization i kahi ʻano honua. Aia ka polarization oblique ma kahi kihi o ±45 degere i ka mokulele kuhikuhi horizontal. ʻOiai he ʻano ʻē aʻe kēia o ka polarization linear, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "linear" e pili wale ana i nā antennas polarized horizontal a vertically paha.
ʻOiai kekahi mau pohō, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hōʻailona i hoʻouna ʻia (a i ʻole i loaʻa) e kahi antenna diagonal me nā antenna polarized horizontal a vertically paha. He mea pono nā antenna polarized obliquely i ka wā ʻike ʻole ʻia ai ka polarization o kekahi a i ʻole nā antenna ʻelua a i ʻole e loli ana i ka wā e hoʻohana ai.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka polarization circular (CP) ma mua o ka polarization linear. Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka polarization i hōʻike ʻia e ka vector kahua E e wili ana i ka wā e hoʻolaha ai ka hōʻailona. Ke hoʻohuli ʻia i ka ʻākau (e nānā ana mai ka mea hoʻoili), ua kapa ʻia ka polarization circular he polarization circular lima ʻākau (RHCP); ke hoʻohuli ʻia i ka hema, ka polarization circular lima hema (LHCP) (Kiʻi 3)
Kiʻi 3: I ka polarization pōʻai, wili ka vector kahua E o kahi nalu electromagnetic; hiki ke wili ʻia kēia wili me ka lima ʻākau a hema paha
ʻO kahi hōʻailona CP he ʻelua mau nalu orthogonal i waho o ka pae. ʻEkolu mau kūlana e pono ai e hana i kahi hōʻailona CP. Pono ke kahua E e loaʻa i ʻelua mau ʻāpana orthogonal; pono nā ʻāpana ʻelua he 90 degere ma waho o ka pae a like ka amplitude. ʻO kahi ala maʻalahi e hana ai i ka CP ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi antenna helical.
ʻO ka polarization elliptical (EP) kahi ʻano CP. ʻO nā nalu elliptically polarized ka loaʻa i hana ʻia e ʻelua mau nalu linearly polarized, e like me nā nalu CP. Ke hui pū ʻia ʻelua mau nalu linearly polarized perpendicular me nā amplitudes like ʻole, hana ʻia kahi nalu elliptically polarized.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka polarization mismatch ma waena o nā antennas e ka polarization loss factor (PLF). Hōʻike ʻia kēia parameter ma decibels (dB) a he hana ia o ka ʻokoʻa ma ke kihi polarization ma waena o nā antennas hoʻouna a me ka loaʻa. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, hiki i ka PLF ke loaʻa mai 0 dB (ʻaʻohe pohō) no kahi antenna i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia a i ka dB palena ʻole (pohō palena ʻole) no kahi antenna orthogonal kūpono.
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana (a i ʻole ka hoʻonohonoho hewa ʻana) o ka polarization no ka mea ʻo ke kūlana mechanical o ka antenna, ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻohana, ka distortion channel, nā reflections multipath, a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe e hiki ke hana i kekahi distortion angular o ke kahua electromagnetic i hoʻouna ʻia. I ka wā mua, e loaʻa ana he 10 - 30 dB a ʻoi aku paha o ka "leakage" cross-polarization hōʻailona mai ka polarization orthogonal, a i kekahi mau hihia e lawa paha e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka hōʻailona i makemake ʻia.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka PLF maoli no nā antennas ʻelua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me ka polarization kūpono he 10 dB, 20 dB, a ʻoi aku paha, ma muli o nā kūlana, a hiki ke keakea i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka hōʻailona. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka polarization cross-polarization i manaʻo ʻole ʻia a me ka PLF ke hana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ma ke keakea ʻana i ka hōʻailona i makemake ʻia a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ikaika hōʻailona i makemake ʻia.
No ke aha e mālama ai i ka polarization?
Hana ka polarization ma nā ʻano ʻelua: ʻo ka ʻoi aku o ke kūlike o nā antenna ʻelua a me ka polarization like, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika o ka hōʻailona i loaʻa. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho polarization maikaʻi ʻole e paʻakikī ai i nā mea loaʻa, i manaʻo ʻia a ʻaʻole paha i māʻona, ke hopu i ka lawa o ka hōʻailona hoihoi. I nā hihia he nui, hoʻopilikia ka "channel" i ka polarization i hoʻouna ʻia, a i ʻole kekahi a i ʻole nā antenna ʻelua ʻaʻole i kahi kuhikuhi paʻa.
ʻO ke koho ʻana o ka polarization e hoʻohana ai e hoʻoholo pinepine ʻia e ke kau ʻana a i ʻole nā kūlana lewa. No ka laʻana, e hana maikaʻi kahi antenna polarized horizontally a mālama i kāna polarization ke kau ʻia kokoke i ke kaupaku; i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hana maikaʻi kahi antenna polarized vertically a mālama i kāna hana polarization ke kau ʻia kokoke i ka paia ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ka antenna dipole i hoʻohana nui ʻia (maʻemaʻe a pelu ʻia paha) ua polarized horizontally i kona orientation "maʻamau" (Kiʻi 4) a ua hoʻohuli pinepine ʻia he 90 degere e manaʻo i ka polarization vertical i ka wā e pono ai a i ʻole e kākoʻo i kahi ʻano polarization makemake ʻia (Kiʻi 5).
Kiʻi 4: Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kahi antenna dipole ma kona pou e hāʻawi i ka polarization ākea
Kiʻi 5: No nā noi e koi ana i ka polarization vertical, hiki ke kau ʻia ka antenna dipole ma kahi e hopu ai ka antenna
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka polarization vertical no nā lekiō kelepona paʻalima, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea pane mua, no ka mea, hāʻawi pū kekahi mau hoʻolālā antenna lekiō polarized vertical i kahi ʻano radiation omnidirectional. No laila, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻololi hou ʻia kēlā mau antennas ʻoiai inā loli ke kuhikuhi o ka lekiō a me ka antenna.
ʻO ka maʻamau, kūkulu ʻia nā antenna alapine kiʻekiʻe (HF) 3 - 30 MHz ma ke ʻano he mau uea lōʻihi maʻalahi i kaula ʻia ma waena o nā brackets. Hoʻoholo ʻia kona lōʻihi e ka nalu (10 - 100 m). ʻO kēia ʻano antenna he polarized kūlohelohe.
He mea kūpono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻana ua hoʻomaka ka kapa ʻana i kēia kāʻei ma ke ʻano he "alapine kiʻekiʻe" i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala aku nei, i ka wā he alapine kiʻekiʻe maoli nō ʻo 30 MHz. ʻOiai ua like kēia wehewehe ʻana me he mea lā ua hala ka manawa, he inoa kūhelu ia na ka International Telecommunications Union a ke hoʻohana nui ʻia nei.
Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka polarization makemake ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻelua: ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu honua no ka hōʻailona pōkole ikaika e nā lako hoʻolaha e hoʻohana ana i ka hui nalu waena (MW) 300 kHz - 3 MHz, a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu lewa no nā mamao lōʻihi ma o ka ionosphere Link. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā antenna polarized vertically, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana nalu lewa o nā antenna polarized horizontally.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka polarization pōʻai no nā satelite no ka mea ke loli mau nei ke kuhikuhi o ka satelite e pili ana i nā kikowaena honua a me nā satelite ʻē aʻe. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pono ma waena o nā antennas hoʻouna a me ka loaʻa ʻana i ka wā e polarized pōʻai ʻia nā mea ʻelua, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā antennas polarized linearly me nā antennas CP, ʻoiai aia kahi kumu pohō polarization.
He mea nui nō hoʻi ka polarization no nā ʻōnaehana 5G. Hoʻokō kekahi mau ʻāpana antenna 5G multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka throughput ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polarization e hoʻohana pono ai i ka spectrum i loaʻa. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā polarizations hōʻailona like ʻole a me ka spatial multiplexing o nā antennas (space diversity).
Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hoʻouna i ʻelua kahawai ʻikepili no ka mea ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kahawai ʻikepili e nā antennas polarized orthogonally kūʻokoʻa a hiki ke hoʻōla kūʻokoʻa. ʻOiai inā aia kekahi cross-polarization ma muli o ke ala a me ke kahawai distortion, reflections, multipath, a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ka mea loaʻa i nā algorithms sophisticated e hoʻōla i kēlā me kēia hōʻailona kumu, e hopena ana i nā helu hewa bit haʻahaʻa (BER) a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrum.
i ka hopena
ʻO ka polarization kahi waiwai antenna koʻikoʻi i nānā pinepine ʻole ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka polarization linear (me ka horizontal a me vertical), oblique polarization, circular polarization a me elliptical polarization no nā noi like ʻole. ʻO ka laulā o ka hana RF end-to-end hiki i kahi antenna ke hoʻokō ma muli o kona kuhikuhi a me ke kūlike. Loaʻa i nā antennas maʻamau nā polarizations like ʻole a kūpono no nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka spectrum, e hāʻawi ana i ka polarization makemake ʻia no ka noi target.
Nā Huahana i Manaʻo ʻia：
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Nā palena | Maʻamau | Nā ʻĀpana |
| Pae alapine (frequency) | 20-30 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 15 ʻAno maʻamau. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 ʻAno maʻamau. | |
| Polarization | Pālua Laina | |
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe | 60 ʻAno. | dB |
| Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke Awa | 70 ʻAno maʻamau. | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | SMA-Fleka uila | |
| Mea Hana | Al | |
| Hoʻopau ʻana | Pena | |
| Ka nui(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Mea | Nā kikoʻī | ʻĀpana |
| Pae alapine (frequency) | 1-18 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 10 ʻAno. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 ʻAno maʻamau. | |
| Polarization | Laina | |
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke Keʻa Po. | 30 ʻAno. | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | SMA-Wahine | |
| Hoʻopau ʻana | Pʻaʻole | |
| Mea Hana | Al | |
| Ka nui(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Nā palena | Maʻamau | Nā ʻĀpana |
| Pae alapine (frequency) | 2-18 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 15 ʻAno maʻamau. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 ʻAno maʻamau. |
|
| Polarization | Pālua Laina |
|
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe | 40 | dB |
| Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke Awa | 40 | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | SMA-F |
|
| Ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili | Pʻaʻole |
|
| Ka nui(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.945 | kg |
| Mea Hana | Al |
|
| Mahana Hana | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Nā palena | Maʻamau | Nā ʻĀpana |
| Pae alapine (frequency) | 93-95 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 22 ʻAno. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 ʻAno maʻamau. |
|
| Polarization | Pālua Laina |
|
| Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe | 60 ʻAno. | dB |
| Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke Awa | 67 ʻAno. | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | WR10 |
|
| Mea Hana | Cu |
|
| Hoʻopau ʻana | Gula |
|
| Ka nui(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.015 | kg |
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻApelila-11-2024
