Ua ʻike nā ʻenekini uila e hoʻouna a loaʻa nā antenna i nā hōʻailona ma ke ʻano o nā nalu o ka ikehu electromagnetic (EM) i wehewehe ʻia e nā hoʻohālikelike a Maxwell.E like me nā kumuhana he nui, hiki ke aʻo ʻia kēia mau hoʻohālikelike, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana, nā waiwai o ka electromagnetism ma nā pae like ʻole, mai nā huaʻōlelo qualitative a i nā hoʻohālikelike paʻakikī.
Nui nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ikehu electromagnetic, ʻo ia ka polarization, hiki ke loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hopena a i ʻole ka hopohopo i nā noi a me kā lākou hoʻolālā antenna.Hoʻopili nā loina kumu o ka polarization i nā radiation electromagnetic a pau, me ka RF/wireless, ka ikehu optical, a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi optical.
He aha ka antenna polarization?
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka polarization, pono mākou e hoʻomaopopo mua i nā kumu kumu o nā hawewe electromagnetic.Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻale i nā māla uila (nā kahua E) a me nā māla magnetic (nā kahua H) a neʻe i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao.ʻO nā māla E a me H ua kū pololei kekahi i kekahi a me ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu mokulele.
ʻO ka polarization e pili ana i ka mokulele E-field mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mea hoʻouna hōʻailona: no ka polarization ākea, e neʻe ke kahua uila i ka ʻaoʻao i ka mokulele ākea, ʻoiai no ka polarization kūpaʻa, e oscillate ke kahua uila i luna a i lalo i ka mokulele kū. huahelu 1).
Kiʻi 1: Aia nā hawewe ikehu electromagnetic i nā ʻāpana kahua E a me H
Polarization laina a me ka polarization pōʻai
Aia nā ʻano polarization i kēia mau mea:
Ma ka polarization laina kumu, he orthogonal nā polarizations ʻelua (perpendicular) kekahi i kekahi (Figure 2).I ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole e "ʻike" kahi antenna hoʻokipa polarized i kahi hōʻailona mai kahi antenna polarized vertically a me ka hope, ʻoiai inā hana ʻelua i ka alapine like.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻailona i hopu ʻia, a hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu ke hoʻokūkū nā polarizations.
Kiʻi 2: Hāʻawi ka polarization laina i ʻelua koho polarization ma nā kihi ʻākau i kekahi i kekahi
ʻO ka polarization oblique o ka antenna kahi ʻano o ka polarization linear.E like me ka polarization ākea a me ke kūpaʻa, ʻike wale kēia polarization i kahi ʻāina terrestrial.Aia ka polarization oblique ma kahi kihi o ± 45 degere i ka mokulele kuhikuhi.ʻOiai he ʻano ʻē aʻe kēia o ka polarization linear, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "linear" e pili wale ana i nā antennas horizontally a vertically polarized.
ʻOiai kekahi mau poho, hiki i nā hōʻailona i hoʻouna ʻia (a loaʻa paha) e kahi antenna diagonal me nā antenna polarized horizontally a i ʻole vertically polarized.Pono nā antenna obliquely polarized inā ʻike ʻole ʻia ka polarization o hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā antenna ʻelua a hoʻololi paha i ka wā e hoʻohana ai.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka polarization Circular (CP) ma mua o ka polarization linear.Ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka polarization i hōʻike ʻia e ka vector kahua E huli i ka wā e hoʻolaha ai ka hōʻailona.Ke hoʻohuli ʻia i ka ʻākau (e nānā ana i waho o ka mea hoʻouna), kapa ʻia ka polarization pōʻai ʻākau (RHCP);ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao hema, polarization pōʻaiapuni lima hema (LHCP) (Figure 3)
Kiʻi 3: I loko o ka polarization pōʻai, ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ke kahua E o kahi hawewe electromagnetic;hiki i kēia hoʻololi ʻana i ka lima ʻākau a i ʻole ka lima hema
Aia ka hōʻailona CP i ʻelua mau nalu orthogonal i waho o ka pae.ʻEkolu mau kūlana e pono ai e hana i kahi hōʻailona CP.Pono ke kahua E i ʻelua ʻāpana orthogonal;ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua he 90 degere ma waho o ka pae a like i ka amplitude.ʻO kahi ala maʻalahi e hana ai i ka CP ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi antenna helical.
ʻO ka Elliptical polarization (EP) kahi ʻano CP.ʻO nā nalu Elliptically polarized ka loaʻa i hana ʻia e nā nalu polarized ʻelua, e like me nā nalu CP.Ke hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua mau hawewe polarized linearly polarized me nā amplitudes like ʻole, hana ʻia kahi hawewe polarized elliptically.
Hōʻike ʻia ka polarization mismatch ma waena o nā antenna e ka polarization loss factor (PLF).Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻāpana i nā decibels (dB) a he hana ia o ka ʻokoʻa o ka angle polarization ma waena o ka lawe ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā antenna.ʻO ka manaʻo, hiki ke PLF mai ka 0 dB (ʻaʻohe poho) no kahi antenna i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia a hiki i ka dB palena ʻole (nalo pau ʻole) no kahi antenna orthogonal maikaʻi loa.
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā, ʻaʻole kūpono ka alignment (a i ʻole misalignment) o ka polarization no ka mea ʻo ke kūlana mechanical o ka antenna, ka hana o ka mea hoʻohana, distortion channel, multipath reflections, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hiki ai ke kumu i kekahi distortion angular o ke kahua electromagnetic transmitted.Initially, e loaʻa 10 - 30 dB a oi o ka hoailona cross-polarization "leakage" mai ka orthogonal polarization, a ma kekahi mau mea e lawa e hoʻopilikia i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka hōʻailona makemake.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka PLF maoli no nā antenna i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka polarization kūpono paha he 10 dB, 20 dB, a ʻoi aku paha, e pili ana i nā kūlana, a hiki ke keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hōʻailona.I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka cross-polarization i manaʻo ʻole ʻia a me ka PLF ke hana i nā ala ʻelua ma ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i ka hōʻailona makemake a i ʻole ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ikaika hōʻailona makemake.
No ke aha e mālama ai i ka polarization?
Hana ʻia ka polarization ma nā ala ʻelua: ʻoi aku ka nui o nā antenna ʻelua a loaʻa ka polarization like, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikaika o ka hōʻailona i loaʻa.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka polarization alignment no nā mea hoʻokipa, i manaʻo ʻia a ʻoluʻolu ʻole paha, e hopu i ka hōʻailona o ka hoihoi.I nā hihia he nui, hoʻololi ka "channel" i ka polarization i hoʻouna ʻia, a i ʻole hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā antenna ʻelua i kahi kuhikuhi static paʻa.
ʻO ke koho ʻana o ka polarization e hoʻohana maʻamau e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a i ʻole nā kūlana lewa.No ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka antenna polarized horizontally a mālama i kona polarization ke kau ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ke kaupaku;ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka antenna polarized vertically a mālama i kāna hana polarization ke kau ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ka paia ʻaoʻao.
ʻO ka antenna dipole i hoʻohana nui ʻia (plain a i ʻole ʻia paha) i polarized horizontally i kona "normal" mounting orientation (Figure 4) a ua hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ʻo 90 degere e manaʻo i ka polarization kū i ka wā e koi ʻia ai a i ʻole ke kākoʻo ʻana i kahi mode polarization makemake (Figure 5).
Kiʻi 4: Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kahi antenna dipole ma luna o kona kia e hāʻawi i ka polarization ākea.
Kiʻi 5: No nā noi e koi ana i ka polarization kūpaʻa, hiki ke kau ʻia ka antenna dipole e like me kahi e hopu ai ka antenna.
Hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia ka polarization kūwaho no nā lekiō paʻa lima, e like me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea pane mua, no ka mea, hāʻawi pū ka nui o nā hoʻolālā antenna radio polarized vertically i kahi ʻano hoʻohālike omnidirectional radiation.No laila, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohuli hou ʻia kēlā mau antenna inā e loli ke kuhikuhi o ka lekiō a me ka antenna.
3 - 30 MHz kiʻekiʻe alapine (HF) antenna alapine i kūkulu ʻia e like me nā uea lōʻihi maʻalahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o nā brackets.Hoʻoholo ʻia kona lōʻihi e ka nalu nalu (10 - 100 m).ʻO kēia ʻano antenna ka polarized kūlohelohe.
He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia hui ʻo "frequency kiʻekiʻe" i nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻoiai ʻo 30 MHz ke alapine kiʻekiʻe.ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia kēia wehewehe ʻana i ka wā kahiko, he inoa kūhelu ia e ka International Telecommunications Union a hoʻohana nui ʻia.
Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka polarization i makemake ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻelua: a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu honua no ka hōʻailona pōkole ʻoi aku ka ikaika e nā mea hoʻolaha e hoʻohana ana i ka band 300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW), a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā nalu lani no kahi lōʻihi ma o ka Ionosphere Link.Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā antenna polarized vertically, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu honua, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā antenna polarized horizontally.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka polarization pōʻai no nā satelite no ka mea ke hoʻololi mau nei ke ʻano o ka satellite e pili ana i nā kahua kahua a me nā satelite ʻē aʻe.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma waena o ka hoʻouna ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā antennas i ka wā e hoʻopuni ʻia ai nā antenna ʻelua, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā antenna polarized linearly me nā antennas CP, ʻoiai aia kahi kumu poho polarization.
He mea nui ka polarization no nā ʻōnaehana 5G.Loaʻa i kekahi mau pūʻulu antenna 5G multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) i hoʻonui i ka throughput ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polarization e hoʻohana pono i ka spectrum i loaʻa.Loaʻa kēia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā polarizations hōʻailona like ʻole a me ka multiplexing spatial o nā antennas (space diversity).
Hiki i ka ʻōnaehana ke hoʻouna i ʻelua kahawai ʻikepili no ka mea ua pili nā kahawai ʻikepili e nā antennas orthogonally polarized kūʻokoʻa a hiki ke hoʻihoʻi kūʻokoʻa.ʻOiai inā loaʻa kekahi cross-polarization ma muli o ke ala a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ke kahawai, ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ka multipath, a me nā hemahema ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ka mea hoʻokipa i nā algorithms maʻalahi e hoʻihoʻi i kēlā me kēia hōʻailona kumu, e hopena i nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (BER) a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrum.
i ka hopena
ʻO ka polarization kahi waiwai antenna koʻikoʻi i ʻike pinepine ʻia.Hoʻohana ʻia ka polarization Linear (me ka horizontal a me ka vertical), ka polarization oblique, ka polarization circular a me ka elliptical polarization no nā noi like ʻole.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana RF hope-to-end e hiki ke hoʻokō i kahi antena e pili ana i kona ʻano pili a me ka alignment.Loaʻa nā antenna maʻamau i nā polarizations ʻokoʻa a kūpono i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka spectrum, e hāʻawi ana i ka polarization i makemake ʻia no ka noi i koho ʻia.
Nā huahana i manaʻo ʻia:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Nā ʻāpana | Maʻamau | Units |
| Laulā pinepine | 20-30 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 15 ʻAno. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 ʻAno. | |
| Polarization | Pālua Linear | |
| Kea Pol.Kaʻawale | 60 ʻAno. | dB |
| Kaawale awa | 70 ʻAno. | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | SMA-Fʻeleʻele | |
| Mea waiwai | Al | |
| Hoʻopau | Pena | |
| Nui(L*W*H) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| 'ikamu | Hōʻike | Unite |
| Laulā pinepine | 1-18 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 10 ʻAno. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 ʻAno. | |
| Polarization | Linear | |
| Kea Po.Kaʻawale | 30 ʻAno. | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | SMA-Wahine | |
| Hoʻopau | Pʻaʻole | |
| Mea waiwai | Al | |
| Nui(L*W*H) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Nā ʻāpana | Maʻamau | Units |
| Laulā pinepine | 2-18 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 15 ʻAno. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 ʻAno. |
|
| Polarization | Pālua Linear |
|
| Kea Pol.Kaʻawale | 40 | dB |
| Kaawale awa | 40 | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | SMA-F |
|
| Lapaʻau ʻili | Pʻaʻole |
|
| Nui(L*W*H) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.945 | kg |
| Mea waiwai | Al |
|
| Ka Mahana Hana | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Nā ʻāpana | Maʻamau | Units |
| Laulā pinepine | 93-95 | GHz |
| Loaʻa | 22 ʻAno. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 ʻAno. |
|
| Polarization | Pālua Linear |
|
| Kea Pol.Kaʻawale | 60 ʻAno. | dB |
| Kaawale awa | 67 ʻAno. | dB |
| Mea hoʻohui | WR10 |
|
| Mea waiwai | Cu |
|
| Hoʻopau | gula |
|
| Nui(L*W*H) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Kaumaha | 0.015 | kg |
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Apr-11-2024
